Hadean Eon

The Hadean Eon begins with the formation of Earth, around 4.54 billion years ago, roughly 9.26 billion years after the Big Bang. At this stage, the planet is defined by extremes. Frequent impacts, intense heat, and widespread volcanism dominate its surface.

Earth differentiates internally during this time. Heavy elements sink to form the core, while lighter material rises to create the mantle and early crust. The Moon forms early in the Hadean, stabilising Earth’s rotation and influencing tides, a key factor for later habitability.

Despite its violence, the Hadean sets critical foundations. Water begins to accumulate, likely delivered by both volcanic outgassing and impacts. Portions of the crust cool enough to persist, creating the first stable surfaces.

No confirmed life exists yet, but the conditions that will allow life to emerge are being assembled. The Hadean ends not with catastrophe, but with transition: a planet that is still harsh, but no longer purely hostile.